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Tenochtitlan. Unlike the later Spanish, the Aztecs did not seek to "convert" or destroy the cultures they conquered. Quite the opposite: the engines of warfare and empire in Central Mexico required that all participants understand and accept common cultural "rules" in order to make the flow of imperial wealth as smooth as possible. The rules of empire in Mexico were old rules, understood by all the power players and "contenders to the throne," as had been shown many times before (the kingdom of
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695:. These civilizations (with the exception of the politically fragmented Maya) extended their reach across Mexico, and beyond, like no others. They consolidated power and distributed influence in matters of trade, art, politics, technology, and theology. Other regional power players made economic and political alliances with these seven civilizations over the span of 3,000 years. Many made war with them. But almost all found themselves within these seven spheres of influence.710:
1365:(the most common language at the time of Spanish arrival) their terms and names were widespread as descriptors of cities, regions, valleys, rivers, mountains, and many cultural objects. The Tlaxcala allies of the Spanish also spoke Nahuatl and they accompanied the Spanish in the conquest of much of what would become New Spain. As a result, Nahuatl names were used as geographic identifiers as far away as Guatemala and Sonora (e.g. "Utatlán" was149:
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823:. The period between AD 250 and AD 650 saw an intense flourishing of Maya civilized accomplishments. While the many Maya city-states never achieved political unity on the order of the central Mexican civilizations, they exerted a tremendous intellectual influence upon Mexico. The Maya built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent, and made innovations in mathematics,1032:, was by 1519 among the largest cities in the world with a population of around 300,000 (although some estimates range as high as 500,000). Beijing at the same time had a population variously estimated to be 670,000 up to one million people. By comparison, the population of Venice, the largest city in Europe in 1519, was 100,000 people. Tenochtitlan is the site of modern-day848:
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100,000 people. Teotihuacan's economic pull impacted areas in northern Mexico as well. It was a city whose monumental architecture reflected a new era in Mexican civilization, declining in political power about AD 650, but lasting in cultural influence for the better part of a millennium, to around AD 950.
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in 1821. Today it consists of a rectangle with a green stripe on the left (signifying the Independence Movement), a white stripe in the middle (originally signifying the purity of the Catholic faith), and a red stripe on the right (signifying the blood of the fighters). There is a coat of arms in the
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The empire was primarily economic in nature, and the Triple Alliance grew very rich: libraries were built, monumental architecture was constructed, and a highly prestigious artistic and priestly class was cultivated. All of this created a "First World" aura of invincibility around the island-city of
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Most of the regional ethnicities of Mexico were represented in the city. They lived in rural apartment communities where they worked their trades and contributed to the city's economic and cultural prowess. By AD 500, Teotihuacan had become one of the largest cities in the world with a population of
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In fact, many of the later Mexican-based civilizations would carefully build their cities and ceremonial centers according to specific astronomical events. Astronomy and the notion of human observation of celestial events would become central factors in the development of religious systems, writing
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of the city. Following independence and after a number of floods, the lakes of the valley were drained, drastically changing the landscape. The former island city now was able to spread over a dry plain. Only small remnants of the old canal city remain, such as in the celebrated flower district of
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site named Zumpango, in the former Lake Xaltocan. According to the INAH, mammoth skeletons revealed in what used to be the shallow part of the lake were better anatomically preserved than those found in the deeper parts of the former lake. Mammoths probably got stuck in the lake and died.
982:, which had subjugated most of the Valley of Mexico's peoples. The revolt was successful, and the Aztecs, through cunning political maneuvers and ferocious fighting skills, managed to pull off a true "rags-to-riches" story: they became the rulers of central Mexico as the leaders of the732:. Their immediate cultural influence, however, extends far beyond this region. The Olmec flourished during the Formative (or Preclassic) period, dating from 1400 BC to about 400 BC, and are believed to have been the progenitor civilization of later Mesoamerican civilizations.603:
would be founded and built on astronomical principles, leaders would be appointed on celestial events, wars would be fought according to solar-calendars, and a complex theology using astronomical metaphors would organize the daily lives of millions of people.
588:) demonstrate an early propensity for counting in Mexico. These very early and ancient count-markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mexican natives, even before they possessed1412:. According to legend, the gods had advised the Aztecs that they should establish their city when they saw an eagle, perched on a prickly pear tree, devouring a serpent; after years of wandering, they found such an eagle on an island in790:. Teotihuacan's influence over the Maya civilization cannot be overstated; it transformed political power, artistic depictions, and the nature of economics. Within the city of Teotihuacan was a diverse and cosmopolitan population.619:) were among the largest cities in the world. These cities and several others blossomed as centers of commerce, ideas, ceremonies, and theology. In turn, they radiated influence outward into neighboring cultures in central Mexico.1384:
Today, approximately 1.5 million indigenous Nahua people continue to speak the Nahuatl language. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in learning Nahuatl by Spanish-speaking and English-speaking Mexicans at-large.
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These civilizations are credited with many inventions and advancements including pyramid-temples, mathematics (such as the development of the concept of zero as early as 36 BC and working with sums of hundreds of millions),
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Human presence in the Mexican region was once thought to date back 40,000 years based upon what were believed to be ancient human footprints discovered in the Valley of Mexico, but after further investigation using
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as the U.S. states of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, and parts of California. Cultural groups that flourished in Aridoamerica, mostly within the borders of modern-day Mexico include the
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Prehistoric Mexican astronomers began a tradition of precise observing, recording, and commemorating astronomical events that later become a hallmark of Mexican civilized achievements.
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1435:", and armed indigenous warriors have been popular themes. Also popular have been zigzag motifs (found on indigenous buildings and pottery) and the theological notion of The1116:
In July 2020, archaeologists unearthed two pre-Hispanic stone monuments believed to have been built by the Zapotecs 1500 years ago on top of the Cerro de Peña mountain in
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1136:. Much of what is considered modern Mexican culture derives from the Aztec civilization: place-names, words, food, art, dress, symbols, and even the name "Mexican". (1121:
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English and other languages have borrowed a number of words indirectly from Nahuatl through Spanish such as "avocado", "chili", "tomato", "chocolate", and "coyote".
952:. Newcomers to the Valley of Mexico, they were seen as crude and unrefined in the eyes of the existing Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the fallen Toltec empire.2387:
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While many city-states, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mexico can be said to have had seven major civilizations: The
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plants around 8000 BC. Evidence shows a marked increase in pottery working by 2300 BC and the beginning of intensive corn farming between 1800 and 1500 BC.
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1200:. As such, many ingredients commonly consumed by today's people worldwide originate from Mexico. The names of the various foods are originally from720:
The Olmec were an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, roughly in what are the modern-day states of
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Latecomers to Mexico's central plateau, the Aztecs thought of themselves as heirs to the prestigious civilizations that had preceded them, much as
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civilization, which took the reins of cultural and political power in Mexico from about 700. The Toltec empire established contact as far south as
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1092:. The Aztec war machine would become multi-ethnic, comprising soldiers from conquered areas, led by a large core of Aztec warriors and officers.4256:
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1443:. The art, architecture, and symbols of the Mexica civilization exert such a unique identity that they are commonly used in advertisem*nts for1431:
Mexican art has inspired generations of Mexican-descent artists, both inside and outside of Mexico's modern borders. Images of pyramids, the "
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also revealed two stelae, small carved animals and figures. One of the carvings described a figure with horns and claws wearing a loincloth.
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of tax collectors, courts, civil servants, and local officials who were installed as loyalists to the Triple Alliance (led by Tenochtitlan).
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in trade. The Toltec political system was so influential, that many future Mesoamerican dynasties would later claim to be of Toltec descent.
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on the southern Texas border. Numerous words from the Nahuatl language have been borrowed both by standard Spanish and Mexican Spanish.
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was also in contact with the Toltec civilization were powerfully influenced by central Mexicans as noted by the use of the
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1001:. At their peak, 300,000 Aztecs presided over a wealthy tribute-empire comprising 4 to 7 million people and extended into207:
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The Spanish retained the original layout of the city of Tenochtitlan, reflected today in the various city districts (
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The majority of Mexico's cuisine are of indigenous origins and are based on the ingredients listed above:
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due to similarities to Japanese architecture, Chinese decoration, Malaysian language, and Cambodian dress.
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While different standards and flags were used during the pre-Hispanic period, the viceroyalty, and the
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1183:. Today, Mexico City incorporates almost 9 million people, whereas, in 1519, that number was 300,000.482:, settlers and clergymen as well as the indigenous chroniclers of the immediate post-conquest period.4251:
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Paul R. Renne; etal. (2005). "Geochronology: Age of Mexican ash with alleged 'footprints'".
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Archaic inscriptions on rocks and rock walls all over northern Mexico (especially in the state of
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sites, and turquoise from Oasisamerica found in precontact Mesoamerican artwork. For example, in
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975:. What the Aztecs lacked in political power, they made up for with ambition and military skill.631:
covered part of the present-day Mexican states of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California, while
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581:(measuring the length of the solar year to a high degree of accuracy), medicine, and theology.4275:
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The decline of the Olmec resulted in a power vacuum in Mexico. Emerging from that vacuum was
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One or more of the preceding sentencesincorporates text from a publication now in the
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1611:"RURAL TERRITORY DISPUTES: PRE-HISPANIC CHOLULA IN FACE OF THE EXPANSION OF COLONIAL PUEBLA"1558:
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The pre-Columbian (or prehispanic) history of the territory now making up the country of
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would attempt its own power grab in 1519 by using the Spanish as mercenary-allies).
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Between 1800 and 300 BC, complex cultures began to form. Many matured into advanced
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In 1428, the Aztecs led a war of liberation against their rulers from the city of
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1104:(included male, female, young mammoths) and 15 people were uncovered by the1077:
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1874:. Vol.18 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. p.329.1489:
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1821:. Vol.5 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. p.947.1362:
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Map of Pre-Columbian states of Mexico just before the Spanish conquest.
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empire, the Aztecs established several ally states. Among them were
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Just as Teotihuacan had emerged from a power vacuum, so too did the
2288:[Flag of Mexico: meaning, origins, and other curiosities].2207:[The origin of the names of the Departments in Guatemala],1560:
Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History
1419:
The flag has undergone several changes since 1821; the last was in
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These foods continue to make up the core of Mexican cuisine today.
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Contemporary with Teotihuacan's greatness was the greatness of the
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The coat of arms represents the legendary founding of the city of
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1971:"Bones of about 60 mammoths found near ancient lake in Mexico"20:
2286:"Bandera de México; significado, origen y otras curiosidades"2051:"Mexico archaeology: Pre-Hispanic ruins found on mountaintop"1859:
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becoming modern Santa Cruz de Quiché; "Guatemala" comes from
2696:
1938:"'There are too many': bones of 60 mammoths found in Mexico"1996:"A mammoth discovery: Giant remains found near Mexico City"1609:
Hernández-Flores, José Alvaro; Martínez-Corona, Beatriz,
2205:"El origen del nombre de los departamentos de Guatemala"1563:. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. p.545.607:
At some different points in time, three Mexican cities (
1416:, in what was to become the main plaza of Mexico City.914:
and clothes from the plant, and they were the employed
569:
An image of one of the pyramids in the upper level of
1400:, the modern flag has its origins in the flag of the2102:"The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2020"1140:
Origin and history of the name "Mexico-Tenochtitlan"
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In May 2020, discovery of remains of at least sixty
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View of Avenue of the Dead from Pyramid of the Moon
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.989:This Alliance was composed of the city-states of944:civilization came political fragmentation in the1858:Tylor, Edward Burnett; Lehmann, Walter (1911).1108:headed by archaeologist Sánchez Nava under the1720:[Archaeological Zone of Teotihuacan].1122:National Institute of Anthropology and History1106:National Institute of Anthropology and History882:trade route with the northern civilization of3442:
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439:
8:
2258:"Nahuatl, an Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico"1132:The Aztecs left a durable stamp upon modern922:theorized Toltec migrations originated from3974:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)2252:
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2876:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park1377:) and Suchitlán in the northern state of111:Learn how and when to remove this message1028:Founded around 1325, the Aztec capital,2309:
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2156:INEGI Informacion de Mexico para niños878:. The Toltec established a prosperous596:systems, fine arts, and architecture.478:, and through the accounts of Spanish1170:) and in the central precinct of the7:
2203:PL, Hemeroteca (September 9, 2017),1204:. Examples of such ingredients are:49:adding citations to reliable sources3345:Norse colonization of North America2179:"The Traditional Cuisine of Mexico"1887:"Largest Cities Throughout History"1532:Sharpe, Graeme (October 11, 2012),1944:. Associated Press. May 22, 2020.1718:"Zona Arqueológica de Teotihuacan"16:Mexico before Spanish colonization14:
3600:Institutional Revolutionary Party1885:Rosenberg, Matt (July 12, 2018).1665:"Ancient Civilizations of Mexico"1349:add a spicy flavor to many dishes874:corn culture in the Southwestern4318:Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico2368:
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1332:is the basis of several drinks:415:
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3365:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex1308:is the principal ingredient of1110:Mexico City Santa-Lucia airport971:did with respect to the fallen959:Aztec warriors as shown in the36:needs additional citations for2292:(in Spanish). January 17, 20181:
3520:Centralist Republic of Mexico1813:Charnay, Claude Joseph Désiré1724:(in Spanish). January 9, 20181586:[Population number].1457:Economy of Prehispanic Mexico1279:enters in the composition of1192:Foods originating from Mexico623:Aridoamerica and Oasisamerica470:is known through the work of3944:Institutional stock exchange3585:Second American intervention3330:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing3280:Eastern Agricultural Complex2262:Endangered Language Alliance2211:(in Spanish), Guatemala City1402:Army of the Three Guarantees1159:survives in modern times as500:Indigenous peoples of Mexico4323:Prehistory of North America4145:Water supply and sanitation3515:Spanish reconquest attempts2716:Bandelier National Monument2583:List of Mississippian sites2375:Pre-Columbian North America1669:Ancient Civilizations World1398:Mexican War of Independence1260:, many varieties of modern513:civilizations such as the:502:began to selectively breed4341:
3550:Second French intervention3498:Control of Central America3136:West Oak Forest Earthlodge2741:The Bluff Point Stoneworks2448:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)1772:[Toltec Culture].1696:World History Encyclopedia1147:Mexico City as the capital933:
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3744:Tropical cyclone rainfall3642:
3403:
3375:Three Sisters agriculture2381:
1746:[Mayan Culture].1557:Susan Toby Evans (2013).1361:Because the Mexica spoke343:Petroleum nationalization3785:Administrative divisions2916:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site2468:Buttermilk Creek complex1534:"Pre-Columbian Urbanism"1044:In the formation of the940:With the decline of the736:Teotihuacan civilization358:Mexican Movement of 1968178:Viceroyalty of New Spain4200:Handcrafts and folk art3969:National stock exchange3707:Protected natural areas3540:Second Mexican Republic3505:Supreme Executive Power3116:Town Creek Indian Mound3086:Sierra de San Francisco2941:Meadowcroft Rockshelter1871:Encyclopædia Britannica1818:Encyclopædia Britannica1643:Arqueologia Mexicana.mx236:Second Federal Republic4012:States by unemployment4002:Science and technology3510:First Mexican Republic2771:Coso Rock Art District2701:
2651:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek2554:List of Hopewell sites2152:"Número de habitantes"2106:City Mayors Statistics964:
859:
816:
812:Mayan architecture at762:of what is now called751:
717:
573:
463:
310:Occupation of Veracruz60:"Pre-Columbian Mexico"4240:Our Lady of Guadalupe3734:Territorial evolution3555:Second Mexican Empire3178:Arlington Springs Man3021:Portsmouth Earthworks2700:
2127:"Mexico City history"1584:"Número de población"958:
850:
811:
749:
712:
568:
494:remains found in the461:
273:Second Mexican Empire4257:World Heritage Sites3672:Environmental issues3535:Mexican–American War3493:First Mexican Empire3385:Transoceanic contact3275:Container Revolution2851:Gila Cliff Dwellings2816:Etowah Indian Mounds1691:"Olmec Civilization"1511:"Native Americans",1128:Legacy of the Aztecs1040:Allies of the Aztecs890:. The Mayan city of395:Coronavirus pandemic370:1982 economic crisis223:Mexican–American War45:improve this article3912:Automotive industry3800:Chamber of Deputies3488:War of Independence3305:Green Corn Ceremony3121:Turkey River Mounds2911:Lake Jackson Mounds2731:Blue Spring Shelter1490:10.1038/nature044251373:the capital of the1198:Megadiverse country1157:Mexico-Tenochtitlan1151:Today, the Aztec's1030:Mexico-Tenochtitlan831:Toltec civilization714:Olmec colossal head380:Mexican peso crisis255:French intervention208:Centralist Republic183:War of Independence4113:Indigenous peoples4017:Telecommunications3876:State legislatures3817:Federal government3697:Metropolitan areas3580:Mexican Revolution3390:Underwater panther3066:Rosenstock Village2936:Marmes Rockshelter2921:L'Anse aux Meadows2702:
2315:"The Mexican Flag"2290:Mexico Desconocido1839:. October 27, 20091774:Historia de Mexico1748:Historia de Mexico1671:. January 12, 20171519:2009-06-14 at the1096:Recent discoveries965:
930:Aztec civilization910:and produced both904:feathered serpents860:
821:Mayan civilization817:
776:Cerro de las Mesas752:
728:on the Isthmus of718:
699:Olmec civilization574:
488:radioactive dating464:
4305:
4304:
4265:
4264:
4040:
4039:
3889:
3888:
3859:Political parties3822:Foreign relations3767:
3766:
3560:Restored Republic3478:Pre-Columbian era3424:
3423:
3416:Pre-Columbian era3218:Spirit Cave mummy3016:Plum Bayou Mounds2926:Lynch Quarry Site2443:Ancient Beringian2131:Aztec-History.com2031:on April 12, 20212000:www.aljazeera.com1770:"Cultura Tolteca"1445:tourism to Mexico900:Atlantean figures804:Maya civilization798:Maya civilization456:
455:
422:Mexico portal364:La Década Perdida353:Mexican Dirty War337:(1928–1934)300:Plan of Guadalupe294:La decena trágica278:Restored Republic173:Spanish-Aztec War121:
120:
113:
95:
4330:
4285:
4278:
4225:National symbols4051:
3992:
3937:Renewable energy3927:Economic history3900:
3778:
3640:
3620:Chiapas conflict3525:Texas Revolution3451:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3360:Projectile point3198:Leanderthal Lady3126:Upward Sun River3101:Stallings Island3091:Shell ring sites3041:Recapture Canyon2956:Moorehead Circle2801:El Fin del Mundo2786:Cueva de la Olla2585:
2572:Maritime Archaic2556:
2391:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2234:Visit Mexico.com2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:. Archived from2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1911:David Williams.1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1637:Vela y Solanes.1634:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1473:
1357:Nahuatl language1187:Food and cuisine961:Florentine Codex946:Valley of Mexico886:, in modern-day649:Ancestral Pueblo496:Valley of Mexico448:
441:
434:
420:
419:
418:
390:Mexican drug war375:Chiapas conflict338:
213:Texas Revolution151:
141:
123:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4261:
4154:
4130:Public holidays4103:Nationality law4098:Life expectancy4036:
3990:
3885:
3849:Law enforcement3763:
3754:Water resources3629:
3605:Mexican miracle3464:
3455:
3425:
3420:
3411:Genetic history3399:
3253:Ceremonial pipe3226:
3208:Minnesota Woman3166:
3160:
2981:Ocmulgee Mounds2961:Morrison Mounds2906:Kolomoki Mounds2896:Kimball Village2756:Candelaria Cave2691:
2685:
2666:Suwannee Valley2601:Old Cordilleran2581:
2552:
2425:
2419:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2057:. July 22, 20202049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2025:www.inah.gob.mx2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1975:www.cbsnews.com1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1811:, ed. (1911). "1807:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1568:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:Wayback Machine1509:
1505:
1484:(7068): E7–E8.1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1453:
1441:Day of the Dead1437:Four Directions1429:
1427:Art and symbols1394:
1359:
1270:
1268:Mexican cuisine1194:
1189:
1149:
1134:Mexican culture1130:
1098:
1046:Triple Alliance1042:
1003:Central America984:Triple Alliance938:
932:
868:Central America845:
839:
833:
806:
800:
768:Central America744:
738:
707:
701:
665:
657:juego de pelota627:At its height,625:
563:
561:Accomplishments452:
416:
414:
400:
399:
348:Mexican miracle336:
328:
320:
319:
268:
260:
259:
238:
228:
227:
203:
193:
192:
168:
160:
139:
132:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4032:Water scarcity4029:
4027:Transportation4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3984:Pension system3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:Municipalities3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Extreme points3674:
3669:
3664:
3661:Climate change3654:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Mound Builders3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Medicine wheel3317:
3312:
3310:Horned Serpent3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Roberts Island3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Old Stone Fort2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Moaning Cavern2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Kincaid Mounds2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Cuarenta Casas2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Bluefish Caves2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2695:
2693:
2690:Archaeological2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Caloosahatchee2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Caborn-Welborn2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2424:Archaeological2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2303:
2274:
2246:
2221:
2195:
2177:Dwyer, Helen.2169:
2143:
2118:
2093:
2081:www.ampgoo.com2068:
2042:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1929:
1903:
1877:
1866:Chisholm, Hugh1861:"Mexico"1850:
1824:
1809:Chisholm, Hugh1787:
1761:
1744:"Cultura Maya"1735:
1709:
1682:
1656:
1639:"OASISAMÉRICA"1629:
1601:
1566:
1549:
1524:
1503:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1433:Aztec calendar1428:
1425:
1393:
1392:Flag of Mexico1390:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1325:
1312:
1303:
1269:
1266:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1148:
1145:
1129:
1126:
1097:
1094:
1082:Coaixtlahuacan1041:
1038:
934:Main article:931:
928:
920:Désiré Charnay841:Main article:835:Main article:832:
829:
802:Main article:799:
796:
740:Main article:737:
734:
703:Main article:700:
697:
664:
661:
624:
621:
562:
559:
480:conquistadores472:archaeologists454:
453:
451:
450:
443:
436:
428:
425:
424:
411:
410:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
307:
305:Tampico Affair302:
297:
290:
285:
283:The Porfiriato280:
275:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
247:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
204:
201:First Republic199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
144:
143:
134:
133:
126:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4336:
4335:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:States by HDI4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:States by GDP4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Manufacturing3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3881:Supreme Court3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
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